Cloudflare is a web-infrastructure and website-security company, providing content-delivery-network services, DDoS mitigation, Internet security, and distributed domain-name-server services.

Cloudflare bot management solution identifies and mitigates automated traffic to protect websites from bad bots.

Alibaba Cloud Object Storage Service (OSS) is a cloud-based object storage service provided by Alibaba Cloud, which allows users to store and access large amounts of data in the cloud.

Nginx is a web server that can also be used as a reverse proxy, load balancer, mail proxy and HTTP cache.

PHP is a general-purpose scripting language used for web development.

Amazon Web Services (AWS) is a comprehensive cloud services platform offering compute power, database storage, content delivery and other functionality.

Amazon CloudFront is a fast content delivery network (CDN) service that securely delivers data, videos, applications, and APIs to customers globally with low latency, high transfer speeds.

ImageKit is a real-time image and video transformation, optimization, and delivery service with built-in digital asset management, powered by a global CDN.